Measure S, approved by voters on November 4, 2008, enacted the Santa Clara River Chloride Reduction Ordinance of 2008. The ordinance required the removal of all residential automatic water softeners by June 30, 2009. Residents that still have automatic water softeners should visit the Automatic Water Softener Rebate Program webpage for information on how to remove their units.

No, the disposal of brine from an automatic water softener, even if you use potassium chloride, onto land or into a dry well is illegal. The Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board (Regional Board) will not issue permits for landscape irrigation with brine and disposal brine into a dry well. Violators may be subject to penalties.

If you have an automatic water softener, also known as a self-regenerating water softener or rock salt softener, the most important thing, as required by the Santa Clara River Chloride Reduction Ordinance of 2008, is to remove the unit. Other steps you can take are to use non-chlorine bleach or hydrogen peroxide instead of chlorine bleach and to minimize the amount of laundry detergents and fabric softeners that you use, since many of these products contain chloride. You can find environmentally-sound detergents and cleaners at most grocery stores.

If you add salt or potassium chloride to your water softener or have a water conditioning service do so, then you have an automatic water softener. If you have a water conditioning service change out the tank on your water softener on a regular basis, then you have a portable exchange tank system.

After water is used for washing dishes, showering, laundering, flushing toilets, and other uses in the Santa Clarita area, the wastewater goes to the sewer. From there, it flows to either the Saugus or Valencia Water Reclamation Plants for treatment. These treatment plants are owned and operated by the Santa Clarita Valley Sanitation District (Sanitation District), and they discharge wastewater into the Santa Clara River after it has been treated. While the treatment plants remove many impurities and pollutants from wastewater, they are not designed to remove chloride. The chloride in wastewater goes through the treatment plants and is discharged to the Santa Clara River.

No. Most of the chloride in the Santa Clara River comes from residences, including the chloride that already exists in the drinking water from your tap. Chloride also comes from soaps, detergents and other cleaning products, particularly laundry products. The discharge of chloride from industrial and commercial businesses is regulated by the Sanitation District, and Santa Clarita businesses have been prevented from using automatic water softeners since 1961.

A number of different treatment systems are available for the water you use in your home. View a partial list of water conditioning systems acceptable for use in the Santa Clarita Valley. The Sanitation District does not endorse any particular water treatment unit, nor does the Sanitation District provide any assurances regarding the effectiveness of any unit. If you need soft water, you can switch to an alternative means of softening your water, such as a portable exchange tank water softening system. Some vendors offer non-salt treatment units for conditioning water. Depending on your needs, you may also consider filtration, activated carbon, or reverse osmosis treatment units.

Filtration simply stated, removes suspended matter from water by mechanical "screening." Basic filters usually are porous beds of insoluble material. Other examples include cast forms, plates of sheet material, synthetic membranes, finely perforated plastic, or specially sized beds of inert particles. The filtration process removes suspended silt, clay, colloids, and some microorganisms. Simple cartridge filters may be effective for low levels of turbidity.

Activated carbon filtration systems involve the adhesion of one material on the surface of a second solid substance based on opposing electrical charges of each material. These systems are widely used to eliminate certain hazardous compounds related to industrial wastes, chemicals, and pesticides. This treatment method can also remove unpleasant tastes and odors caused by decaying organic matter, dissolved gases, and residual chlorine.

Reverse osmosis methods employ a unit divided into two chambers by a semi-permeable membrane. One of the chambers contains "raw" water with undesirable constituent(s) (e.g., salt). Reverse osmosis involves the application of pressure to the side of the chamber containing the raw water. This forces the water to leave the contaminated chamber and flow through the treatment membrane into the "treated" water chamber, leaving the unwanted minerals behind, which are then rinsed to the drain. The membrane filters the water on a molecular scale. Reverse osmosis provides partially demineralized water.

The American Ground Water Trust, state health departments, water well construction agencies, local health officials, or ground water industry professionals are sources for assistance and/or referral to qualified water testing services. It is important to have an independent water analysis. Look for a professional who understands your water chemistry, explains your treatment options and who pays attention to the details specific to your home and water supply. Before purchasing major water conditioning equipment, obtain information and bids from more than one company. You may want to check on the reputation of the company by contacting your local Better Business Bureau.

(Descriptions and suggestions above provided by the American Ground Water Trust. For more information, see their website at www.agwt.org)

If you have any further questions or want more information about your choices, you may call the Sanitation District toll-free at 1-877-CUT-SALT or email us at cutsalt@lacsd.org.

No. Although potassium chloride does not contain sodium, it still contains chloride.

Chloride is one of the two components of sodium chloride, also known as table salt or rock salt. It is also one of the two components of potassium chloride, also known as potassium tablets or potassium crystals.

It is not within the Sanitation District's scope to treat and serve drinking water. Any decision to further treat tap water must be made by the local water agencies in the Santa Clarita Valley. It may be very costly and difficult to treat all of the tap water in the Santa Clarita area, since half of the potable (drinkable) water in the area comes from groundwater wells, and it is the water from the groundwater wells that is hard. Water treatment equipment would have to be installed and maintained at numerous wellhead locations that are scattered around the Santa Clarita Valley or combined to develop a centralized treatment facility and new distribution system.

One local purveyor, Valencia Water Company, is currently conducting a pellet softening demonstration project in the Copperhill community. More information can be obtained by calling them at (661) 294-0828.

Too much chloride in water can damage agricultural crops by causing leaf burn or drying of leaf tissue. It also can harm aquatic life if present at levels of 230 milligrams per liter (parts per million) for sustained periods.

The Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board (Regional Board) has set a water quality objective of 100 milligrams per liter for the Santa Clara River. Regional Board officials believe that this objective is necessary to protect salt-sensitive agricultural crops, such as avocados and strawberries. Currently, the concentration of chloride being discharged to the river is consistently above the acceptable level established by the Regional Board.

The impact of automatic water softeners was evaluated and it was determined that approximately one-third of the overall chloride loading in the treated wastewater could be eliminated through the removal of these units, reducing rate increases tied to wastewater treatment. Residents who have removed their automatic water softeners and passed Measure S must be commended for their role in keeping the rate as low as possible, saving over $70 million in project facility costs. Although the Santa Clara River Chloride Reduction Ordinance of 2008 (provided for by Measure S) made major strides in lowering chloride levels in the treatment plant discharge, it was not sufficient to bring the plants into full compliance. Full compliance, without the need for advanced treatment, would have required significantly higher chloride limits during drought conditions, which the Sanitation District fought so hard to get, but the Regional Board was not willing to grant.

Because users in the Santa Clarita Valley still contribute a significant amount of chloride to the treated wastewater effluent through everyday activities such as doing dishes, washing clothes, and taking showers, in order to comply with the standard, the community must reduce a portion of the chloride in the treated wastewater.